Is mouthwash really necessary?

What mouthwash cannot replace

Plaque is a soft but sticky film. It does not float off when liquid is swished around the mouth; it comes away through friction. That is why a rinse does not stand in for a toothbrush and floss. Decay and gum trouble most often begin between the teeth, and only floss or an interdental brush reaches those surfaces. Mouthwash is a thin layer added to a clean surface; it does not rescue a surface that was never cleaned.

What a fluoride rinse does

Of all the rinses, the fluoride ones have the clearest effect. Fluoride stays on the enamel surface, makes it more resistant to acid attacks and slows down decay that has only just started. Used once a day, it adds one more contact with fluoride on top of a fluoride toothpaste. Not everybody needs that; it becomes worthwhile where the risk of decay is high.

• People who get cavities often or have had several fillings recently
• Anyone wearing fixed braces, a bridge or a denture fixed on implants
• People whose mouth runs dry, because saliva protects less
• People whose hand movement is limited, which makes brushing harder
• Anyone whose gums have receded and left root surfaces exposed

Rinsing straight after brushing

If you reach for the mouthwash the moment you finish brushing, you wash away the fluoride the toothpaste has left behind. Fluoride needs time on the tooth surface to do anything at all. Spitting the paste out and leaving the mouth unrinsed is the usual advice, with the rinse moved to another point in the day. Mid-afternoon, or any gap between two brushings, works well for it.

Why chlorhexidine is not for daily use

A chlorhexidine rinse brings the number of bacteria in the mouth down quickly. It is normally used for a short, defined period set by a dentist: after gum surgery, while a sore is healing, or when brushing is temporarily impossible. Kept up for longer, it leaves brown stains on the teeth and at the edges of fillings, dulls taste for a while and can increase the build-up of tartar. The staining usually comes off with a clean at the practice, but that is a separate visit.

A mouthwash that stings is not cleaning more thoroughly; most of that sting comes from the alcohol.

Who an alcohol-based rinse does not suit

Alcohol gives a rinse its sharp taste, but it is not the ingredient doing the work. For people with a dry mouth, for anyone who has had radiotherapy to the head and neck, and for people who must stay away from alcohol, an alcohol-based rinse burns and can make the dryness worse. The same active ingredients are widely sold in alcohol-free versions, so choose one of those if your mouth feels dry.

Children, and what to look for on the label

Below the age of six a mouthwash is generally unsuitable, because a child may swallow the liquid. For older children it is given under adult supervision, and only once the child can swish and spit without swallowing. For adults, too, not every bottle is meant for daily use, and reading the label settles which is which.

• Fluoride: low-concentration fluoride rinses are the ones meant for daily use
• Alcohol: pick the alcohol-free version for a dry mouth and for teenagers
• Chlorhexidine: a short course set by a dentist, not an everyday product

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